Moscow’s Perspective on Four Years of Russia-Ukraine War

As the all-out war in Ukraine enters its fifth year, Russian political elites believe the conflict is ending on their terms, with motives focused on preventing NATO expansion and securing power. President Putin’s decision to invade Ukraine in response to Western pressure and Ukrainian policy changes has led to a prolonged war of attrition, with Russia achieving strategic gains despite facing Western military aid. The conflict has tested both Ukrainian and Russian resilience, with Russia viewing itself as an underdog against the Western military-industrial machine.

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