Coffee, a beloved beverage by many, is often studied by scientists seeking the perfect cup. Physicists at the University of Pennsylvania have delved into the physics behind brewing pour-over coffee, emphasizing the importance of pouring water from a height to prevent water from breaking up upon impact with the grounds. In 2020, a mathematical model was developed to minimize waste and improve the quality of espresso by controlling water flow and pressure to prevent channeling, which can reduce the extraction yield and impact the final brew’s quality.
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James Webb Space Telescope Discovers the Earliest Galaxy Ever Seen
The James Webb Space Telescope has identified the most distant galaxy, MoM z14, existing just 280 million years post-Big Bang, surpassing the previous record holder, JADES-GS-z14-0, by 20 million years. MoM z14 is approximately 50 times smaller than the Milky Way and shows unusual emission lines, indicating a young galaxy with a rapid star formation rate and a surprising lack of surrounding neutral hydrogen gas. The presence of carbon and nitrogen suggests that earlier galaxies...
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