In late 2025, Iran experienced widespread protests amidst economic turmoil, following a 12-day Israeli attack and US strikes on its nuclear facilities. These demonstrations were fueled by a sharp decline in purchasing power due to inflation and rising unemployment, echoing previous unrest linked to economic grievances and demands for social freedoms. Despite various government attempts at reform, longstanding structural economic issues have persisted, compounded by sanctions. Partnerships with China and Russia have failed to stabilize Iran’s economy, raising questions about the effectiveness of governance in addressing these crises.
