The role of mediation in the US-Israel conflict over Iran

The memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed between the United States and Iran on June 17 aimed to extend a ceasefire and facilitate negotiations, temporarily boosting oil exports and commercial shipping through the Strait of Hormuz. However, the agreement’s lack of clear implementation mechanisms led to a rapid deterioration of trust and a return to military exchanges. While Iran benefited from increased oil sales during a temporary sanctions waiver, uncertainties regarding sanctions and financial arrangements hindered sustainable economic recovery.

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