Fifteen years after Mohamed Bouazizi’s self-immolation sparked the Arab Spring, leaders like Tunisia’s Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Egypt’s Hosni Mubarak, Yemen’s Ali Abdullah Saleh, and Libya’s Muammar Gaddafi faced downfall due to widespread protests, corruption, and political repression. Ben Ali died in exile, Mubarak passed away in Egypt after a tumultuous trial, Saleh was killed by Houthis, and Gaddafi was killed by rebels after ruling for decades with an iron fist. Their legacies are a reminder of the power of popular uprisings and the consequences of authoritarian rule.






