In Iran, the pressure to conform to Western beauty standards has led to a cultural trend of rhinoplasty, with more than 264,000 cosmetic operations performed in 2023. The popularity of nose jobs has become tied to social identity and status, especially as more women defy strict dress codes, despite risks from unauthorised clinics. The demand for cosmetic surgery remains high in Iran, with both women and men feeling the pressure to undergo procedures to enhance their appearance.
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